Cisco MPLS v2.2 TE

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Cisco MPLS v2.2 TE

Manything About MPLS

In a normally routed environment, frames pass from a source to a destination in a hop-by-hop basis. Transit routers evaluate each frame's Layer 3 header and perform a route table lookup to determine the next hop toward the destination. This tends to reduce throughput in a network because of the intensive CPU requirements to process each frame. Although some routers implement hardware and software switching techniques to accelerate the evaluation process by creating high-speed cache entries, these methods rely upon the Layer 3 routing protocol to determine the path to the destination.

Unfortunately, routing protocols have little, if any, visibility into the Layer 2 characteristics of the network, particularly in regard to quality of service (QoS) and loading. Rapid changes in the type (and quantity) of traffic handled by the Internet and the explosion in the number of Internet users is putting an unprecedented strain on the Internet's infrastructure. This pressure mandates new traffic-management solutions. MPLS and its predecessor, tag switching, are aimed at resolving many of the challenges facing an evolving Internet and high-speed data communications in general.

To meet these new demands, multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) changes the hop-by-hop paradigm by enabling devices to specify paths in the network based upon QoS and bandwidth needs of the applications. In other words, path selection can now take into account Layer 2 attributes. Before MPLS, vendors implemented proprietary methods for switching frames with values other than the Layer 3 header. (MPLS is described in more detail in a later section.)

Based upon Cisco's proprietary tag-switching protocol, the IETF is defining MPLS as a vendor-independent protocol. (At the time of this writing, the MPLS definitions were not quite complete.) Although the two protocols have much in common, differences between them prevent tag-switching devices from interacting directly with MPLS devices. MPLS will likely supercede tag switching. However, this chapter starts with a comparison of terms involved with tag switching and MPLS.

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KnowledgeNet Implementing Cisco Mpls 2.0 Student Guide

Mpls Training Guide - Building Mpls Networks.chm

Cisco.Press.CCIP.MPLS.Implementing.Cisco.MPLS.v2.1.Vol.2.2004

Cisco MPLS.part1

Cisco MPLS.part2

Cisco MPLS.part3

Carmen.mpls.avi

Mpls Concepts

ccip-mpls.part1

ccip-mpls.part2

Advanced Mpls Design

Mpls VPN Configurations.ppt

CCIE Advanced Mpls Design

Sybex CCIP Mpls Study Guide

CiscoPress Traffic Engineering with Mpls

IP Mpls Infrastructure Evolution

MPLS.Configuration.on.Cisco.IOS.Software

Fault-Tolerant IP and Mpls Networks.chm

Cisco Press - Mpls And Vpn Architectures

Building MPLS-Based Broadband Access VPNs

Cisco CCIP Mpls 642-611 V2.29 Pass4sure

Morgan.Kaufmann.MPLS.Next.Steps.Apr.2008.eBook-BBL

Mesh-Based Survivable Networks Options and Strategies for Optical Mpls SONET and ATM

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MPLS Stuff - Books & Slides

 

For all MPLS lovers :

MPLS and VPN Architectures

Ebook_-_Network_-_MPLS_and_VPN_Architectures.chm

Mpls Training Guide - Building Multi Protocol Label Switching Networks.chm

MPLS.Next.Steps.Apr.2008 by Morgan.Kaufmann

MPLS Slides

CCIP-MPLS-PTT V1.0

GMPLS Technologies: Broadband Backbone Networks and Systems

 

GMPLS Technologies: Broadband Backbone Networks and Systems

Product Description
Multi-Protocol Label Switch (MPLS) and Generalized MPLS (GMPLS) are key technologies for next-generation IP backbone networks. Until now, however, engineers have been forced to search for technical papers on this subject and read them in an ad-hoc manner. At last there is a book that explains both MPLS and GMPLS concepts in a systematic way. GMPLS Technologies: Broadband Backbone Networks and Systems addresses the basic concepts, network architectures, protocols, and traffic engineering needed to operate MPLS and GMPLS networks.

The book begins with an introduction of the nature and requirements of broadband networks. It describes the basics of control-oriented networks and Internet Protocol (IP). The text then examines the fundamentals of MPLS, explaining why MPLS is preferable to IP packet-based forwarding. This volume covers MPLS applications, details IP router structures, illustrates GMPLS, and explores important studies on traffic engineering in GMPLS Networks. The text concludes with a description of IP, MPLS, and GMPLS standardization topics. Network equipment design engineers and network service provision engineers can reference this book to understand the crucial techniques for building MPLS/GMPLS-based networks. Features · Addresses the basic concepts, network architectures, protocols, and traffic engineering needed to operate MPLS and GMPLS networks · Covers the fundamentals of connection-oriented networks including TCP/IP, flow control mechanism, and ATM protocol · Analyzes MPLS issues and applications, such as label switched paths (LSPs) and VPNs · Highlights IP router structures, examining technologies of data path function - switch architecture, packet scheduling, and forwarding engine ·

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GMPLS Technologies: Broadband Backbone Networks and Systems

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Complete information about MPLS

Following below mentioned download links have complete information about MPLS.

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MPLS Ebooks

MPLS Fundamentals

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Mpls Fundamentals

Selecting MPLS VPN Services

Selecting MPLS VPN Services helps you analyze migration options, anticipate migration issues, and properly deploy IP/MPLS VPNs. Detailed configurations illustrate effective deployment while case studies present available migration options and walk you through the process of selecting the best option for your network.

Selecting MPLS VPN Services By Chris Lewis and Steve Pickavance

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Selecting MPLS VPN Services

MPLS and VPN Architectures, Volume II

MPLS and VPN Architectures, Volume II, begins with a brief refresher of the MPLS VPN Architecture. Part II describes advanced MPLS VPN connectivity including the integration of service provider access technologies (dial, DSL, cable, Ethernet) and a variety of routing protocols (IS-IS, EIGRP, and OSPF), arming the reader with the knowledge of how to integrate these features into the VPN backbone.

By Ivan Pepelnjak, Jim Guichard, and Jeff Apcar

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Mpls and Vpn Architectures II

MPLS and Next-Generation Networks: Foundations for NGN and Enterprise Virtualization

Understand the business case for deploying MPLS-based services and solutions

• Provides network managers and architects a precise MPLS primer
• Defines MPLS service problems and their associated solutions
• Includes ROI models for MPLS-based solutions
• Discusses pros and cons of various options for each MPLS service

By Azhar Sayeed and Monique J. Morrow

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MPLS and Next Generation Networks

MPLS Dumps & Labs

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MPLS Actual Test updated on 06/10/08

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MPLS Lab Guides

MPLS

MPLS Overview:

Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) defines a mechanism for packet forwarding in network routers. It was originally developed to provide faster packet forwarding than traditional IP routing, although improvements in router hardware have reduced the importance of speed in packet fowarding. However, the flexibility of MPLS has led to it becoming the default way for modern networks to achieve Quality of Service (QoS), next generation VPN services, and optical signaling.

Traditional IP networks are connectionless: when a packet is received, the router determines the next hop using the destination IP address on the packet alongside information from its own forwarding table. The router's forwarding tables contain information on the network topology. They use an IP routing protocol, such as OSPF, IS-IS, BGP, RIP or static configuration, to keep their information synchronized with changes in the network.

MPLS also uses IP addresses, either v4 or v6, to identify end points and intermediate switches and routers. This makes MPLS networks IP-compatible and easily integrated with traditional IP networks. However, unlike traditional IP, MPLS flows are connection-oriented and packets are routed along pre-configured Label Switched Paths (LSPs).

How does MPLS work?

MPLS works by tagging packets with an identifier (a label) to distinguish the LSPs. When a packet is received, the router uses this label (and sometimes also the link over which it was received) to identify the LSP. It then looks up the LSP in its own forwarding table to determine the best link over which to forward the packet, and the label to use on this next hop.
A different label is used for each hop, and it is chosen by the router or switch performing the forwarding operation. This allows the use of very fast and simple forwarding engines, as the router can select the label to minimize processing.

Ingress routers at the edge of the MPLS network use the packet's destination address to determine which LSP to use. Inside the network, the MPLS routers use only the LSP labels to forward the packet to the egress router.

In the diagram above, LSR (Label Switched Router) A uses the destination IP address on each packet to select the LSP, which determines the next hop and initial label for each packet (21 and 17). When LSR B receives the packets, it uses these labels to identify the LSPs, from which it determines the next hops (LSRs D and C) and labels (47 and 11). The egress routers (LSRs D and C) strip off the final label and route the packet out of the network.

As MPLS uses only the label to forward packets, it is protocol-independent, hence the term "Multi-Protocol" in MPLS. Packet forwarding has been defined for all types of layer-2 link technologies, with a different label encoding used in each case.

MPLS Protocols

MPLS defines only the forwarding mechanism; it uses other protocols to establish the LSPs. Two separate protocols are needed to perform this task: a routing protocol and a signaling protocol.

MPLS Routing Protocols:

The routing protocol distributes network topology information through the network so that the LSP can be calculated. An interior gateway protocol, such as OSPF or IS-IS, is normally used, as MPLS networks typically cover a single administrative domain.

However, these routing protocols only distribute network topology. When traffic engineering is required to establish LSPs with guaranteed QoS characteristics and backup LSPs that avoid any single point of failure, the traffic engineering (TE) extensions to these protocols are used. These extensions distribute QoS and Shared Risk Link Groups (SRLGs) information on each link in the network. This information enables the route calculator to determine routes through the network with guaranteed QoS parameters, and backup LSPs that traverse different links from the primary path.

Mechanisms to extend this traffic engineering to inter-area and inter-carrier routing are still being agreed. Our White Paper on "Inter-Area Routing, Path Selection and Traffic Engineering" provides a detailed discussion of this topic.

MPLS Signaling Protocols

The signaling protocol informs the switches along the route which labels and links to use for each LSP. This information is used to program the switching fabric. One of two main signaling protocols is used, depending on the network requirements.

• RSVP-TE is used where traffic engineering is required. LDP is used when traffic engineering is not required, as it needs less management.
  

BGP is also used as a combined routing and MPLS signaling protocol in some situations. An example of this is BGP/MPLS VPNs.

Advanced MPLS Applications:

Optical MPLS

The concept of a label has been extended in Generalized MPLS (GMPLS). In GMPLS, the label no longer needs to be carried as an identifier on the data flow, but may be implicit. For example, time-slots (in SONET/SDH) and wavelengths (in DWDM) can be labels. In these cases, the label switching operations translate to operations such as "switch this incoming wavelength onto this outgoing wavelength."

GMPLS is therefore ideal for optical networking, and many extensions to the protocols have been defined, including user-to-network interfaces and network-to-network interfaces.

MPLS in Hierarchical Networks

MPLS is ideal for hierarchical networks, where lower-layer switching entities (for example packets) are aggregated into a higher-layer entity, for example a time-slot, and then once again into a wavelength and a whole fiber. MPLS allows a label stack to be defined so that switches can switch higher-layer aggregations and ignore the lower levels of the label stack. When the flow arrives at a switch capable of handling lower-layer entities, the switch strips off the outer label and examines the next lower level in the stack.

One example of the use of label stacking is in BGP/MPLS VPNs, where a two-deep label stack is used.

A transport label is used to route aggregated VPN traffic to the destination edge router in the provider's network. This is conventional MPLS, using either RSVP-TE or LDP signaling.

Once at the destination edge router, the transport label is stripped off and the second label examined. This label identifies the specific VPN to which the flow belongs. These VPN labels are signaled in extensions to the BGP protocol.